Chapters from the historic novel "Legacy of the Chief," by Ronald Simpson, and other items mostly related to the historic background of the Ahtnas in the context of Kennecott Copper & its Copper River & Northwestern Railway.
08 February 2011
Chapter 36: "Cap's Vision of Nicolai," Pt 1
Chapter 35: "Returning Crew Meets Tom," Pt 2
“Soon we’ll be returning up the line to Kennecott. We can’t have Kay-yew-nee try to follow us all the way up there. I’ll have to get Violet or her new friend Abbey Webley take care of him while we’re gone.” “Isn’t Abbey a dog musher?” “That’s what she calls herself, Charles. She’s taken several of Violet’s dogs and trained them for sledding. Seems to be good at it, too. Strange white woman. Good-looking, though. “Charles. I need you to do something for me.” Charles’s eyes widened as he looked at Cap, realizing that when Cap talked like this it usually meant work. Cap had been like another older brother--a bin’ ga. Cap was often the one to give work assignments to Charles when Johnny was not around. Not that Charles minded too much. He admired Cap almost to the point of hero-worship, much to the embarrassment of Cap. “Nothing difficult. I need you to take Kay-yew-nee over to Violet’s yard and keep him tied up for a few days. At least a week. If your sister won’t take him, I’m sure Abbey Webley will. “I don’t want the dog to try to follow us all the way to Kennecott.” Charles felt relieved. This was an easy assignment. He smiled at the thought. Charles smiled readily. He had a very pleasant and unassuming personality which was almost too eager to please. Like only a few others Cap had encountered, Charles did not seem to believe in evil people. He was confused by racism and bigotry. It just didn’t make any sense to him. “Sure, Cap. Leave it to me. What ar e you doing up there this time? Will you be working in the mines like before?” “No, Charlie, we’ll be repainting the mill. Maybe do some work on the nearby hospital as well. That’s it. Then we’re coming home for hunting season.” “You mean you and Johnny are painting that? I’ve seen the pictures. It’s the tallest building I know of in the valley. I’d sure like to be there to see it.” “That’s why they want us. We proved ourselves last year painting the tall, new power plant there, and we worked on top of Erie, which isn’t that tall, but it seems it since it’s on the edge of a thousand feet of drop-off. Not too many men will work at those heights. It doesn’t bother either skeel’eh or me. Besides, now we’re experienced.” “Wow. Like I said, I wish I could see it.” “I heard you. Let me think about it. You never know what may come up. Your mother needs you on the fishwheel, you know.” “I know, but I’d leave the fishwheel at Chitina anytime to go to Kennecott to help you soon’ga . I can carry my own load well. You know that. Find me a way. I’ll be there. I want to be a part of it. I want to be there while it’s still here. I know someday it won’t be.” “No one else thinks that, Charlie.” “It will be gone. Railroad and all. You’re the one who said it. I believe what you say, Cap. Cap smiled at Charles, then turned his attention back to the scenery. He thought about Charle’s words. If the other young Indians heard Charles talk like that, they’d make fun of him--or worse. They think it’s honorable to voice a hatred for everything white. They can’t see past the hatred. I love the independent spirit of Charlie. Innocent. Yes, that’s it. No hatred in him. Just a sense of wonder, like a child. The train passed over a small trestle as it turned away from its course which ran along the north ridge of the Chitina River valley. It was approaching the overlook above the Kotsina River valley. Once it reached the Kotsina, it would begin the final steep descent. The train slowed as it headed into the last turn before the steep hill. From the cupola Cap could see the rebuilt trestle in the far distance. It looked just like the one before it, which was just like the one before it, leaving no indication that the bridge had washed out only weeks before.
The engine crawled down the hill, finally reaching the steep east-end approach of the trestle, then slowing even more as it crossed over the madly rushing and swirling heavily silted river less than fifteen feet below. The narrow trestle shuddered. So did Cap. Many had died here, including that Irish crew in 1917 and the fireman aboard No. 74 when it crashed through the bridge the next year. Others had died on this spot before that and more would undoubtedly follow. This was the most notorious spot on the entire route. The river which raged below was unforgiving to all who underestimated her power. A very thrilled and light-headed Johnny stepped down from the cab of No. 21 once it pulled up to the station and then backed up to the repair barn. Cap and Charles uncoupled the caboose so the engine could back into the barn for the required repairs. The Siberian mutt sat on a large timber, absorbed by the activity of three of his favorite humans. Cap pulled one of the tall doors open. It was a large, empty space, except that the large, black iron hulk which was Old No. 100 quietly sat in the darkness of the next bay. Their work over, the three men walked toward Chittyna Village, which lay beyond the far end of the turn-around at Town Lake. Cap would stay at the cottage this evening, then head for Lower Tonsina to stay with his father for a few days. As the three began to pass the depot, they heard the unmistakable roar of the 1917 Indian motorcycle owned by Tom Weller, a bearded, rough-featured, heavily built man who always wore a cap and usually had a cigar in his mouth. Tom owned the Lower Tonsina Lodge. The Indian motorcycle circled around and screeched to a halt just in front of the three Indians. Tom stepped off the bike and pulled up his goggles above his ever-present cap. The man was known as a hard drinking womanizer, even though he had a very enticing, if somewhat strange, female companion named Alice to help him run his lodge and keep him company. Tom frequently came into Chitina to gamble at the no-name billiards hall. It mattered little whether it was pool or cards or anything else, Tom loved to gamble. He usually won. Some believed he walked with a small devil on his shoulder to give him gambling advice. His luck was phenomenal. He was also known to be a sore loser. Sometimes his opponents would throw in the towel and let him win rather than face the consequences, especially if Tom had been drinking whiskey that day. “Hey you guys, glad to see you back from Strelna. Any of you up to a game at the old parlor?” The three of them looked at each other. They had told themselves they’d avoid going to the no-name billiards hall when they returned. So much for resolutions. “Sounds good to me,” Johnny said. “We haven’t got paid yet, but we’re good for it.” “That’s good enough for me,” Tom replied.”Let’s go!” Cap and Charles nodded in agreement, then headed for the no-name billiards parlor. The dog rushed ahead and pushed at the door, alerting old Smitty that Johnny was around. “How about a buck a game? Any takers?” Tom asked. “That’s awfully high-stakes, Tom, but you’re on,” Johnny responded, throwing a silver dollar down from out of his pocket. “Hey Smitty, got anything good back there?” Tom shouted. Smitty responded with a bottle of whiskey and a box of cigars. “Good man, Smitty. You guys want to split on this? You can’t expect me to do all the buying, you know.” “I’ll cover for the other three. I have some change. My brothers can just owe me for it,” Johnny replied, pulling out several more silver dollars. “Works for me. Hey, you guys, I’ve got a big party planned at the lodge this weekend. You know, one of those spring-into-summer kind of things. I’ve got my homemade wine I made just for the occasion. It’s based on rose hips Alice picked last fall. Wine’s my thing. Also got beer and whiskey. Alice will be cooking up the fish and I’m roasting a large pig. I’ve even found a band. Well, sort of a band. Anyway, big doings. You guys need to come on down. Tell everyone.” The four of them traded shots at billiards for several hours until all were beginning to miss easy shots as the effects of the whiskey began to catch up. Charlie was not used to so much alcohol. He passed out on the bench early. Tom was a hard drinker who rarely showed any effects. Johnny and Cap were beginning to feel like they were being set up. They finally decided it was time to quit. “Look, I got to get back to the old homestead anyway. Alice awaits, you know. Need a ride Cap? Hop on, I’ll have you there in no time. I just came out here for a break and some spices I better pick up before Alice kills me.” “I was going to stay in town overnight, but since you’ve offered, let’s go.” The Indian motorcycle roared off with Cap on the seat behind Tom. The bike ripped down the narrow Edgerton cut-off trail toward Tonsina, not quite twenty miles away, spewing a large cloud of fine dust. Cap was beginning to wonder if he would live to see his father, but Tom was a skilled motorcycle rider from way back, and he was very familiar with the trail. They ran through a deep cut passing three narrow lakes before the valley opened up, with a view of the Copper River to the right. Tom pointed to a cabin with a barn four miles out of Chitina. “That’s my business partner who lives there. We churn up a little hootch once in a while. He just moved up from Valdez. Bob Reed. Great guy. I’ll take you by some time. Not today. Got to get back to Alice. I’m feeling the need! Whoa!” The narrow trail followed a series of winding hills until it reached a popular picnic spot known as Liberty Falls. Then the trail entered one last steep and very winding descent to the bottom of the hill where log bridge led to Lower Tonsina Lodge. Cap felt dizzy when he finally stepped off the motorcycle in front of his father’s cabin just east of the bridge. Enough of that. What a machine. What a name. Indian. I like that. Wouldn’t mind having one of those. Maybe I’ll talk Tom into letting me drive it one day. “Thanks, Tom. Maybe I’ll stop by before heading back to Kennecott.” “Hey, you do that Cap. I’ll give you credit ‘til you get paid. No problem. You ought to try Alice’s cooking. Out of this world. Got to blast. She’s hot. I’m hot. I’m outta here.” Tom disappeared in a thick cloud of dust. The hills hovered high above Tonsina, completely dominating the small area with their stony massiveness. Up a distant hill just beyond the rustic log lodge on the far side of the river was the family grave yard. Cap looked in that direction. Somewhere up there his mother was probably watching him. He turned around and walked up the pathway toward the cabin.
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Chapter 35: "Returning Crew Meets Tom," Pt 1
It was time to return home. Some track work remained, but section foreman Jack Corey deemed all of the major repairs completed between Long Lake and the Copper River crossing. The three skeel-eh volunteered to be included in the first lay-off. They would jump a ride on the maintenance engine, consolidation no.21, when it returned to Chitina for routine oiling in the pit. Charles planned to help on his mother’s fishwheel, as he did every summer, while Cap and Johnny needed to prepare themselves for their return to Kennecott. Number 21 was to head off to Chitina towing only its caboose. Johnny talked engineer Albert Dalton into letting him ride up front in the locomotive cab. The engine was an American Locomotives Rhode Island 85 ton consolidation--a 2-8-0. That was the designation for an engine with eight drive wheels and two leading ones, with no trailing wheels under the cab and firebox. There were four of them in the system--20 through 23, built in 1907 with sequential serial numbers as part of an order of equipment originally destined for China. These were the most powerful engines on the roster until 1915 when the first Mikados arrived. Because of their special wheel arrangement, they were best suited to head the ore trains. The problem was that it normally required two of these engines hooked up in tandem--a process called “double-heading”--to pull a line of thirty-five loaded ore cars.
It soon became obvious that it would be far more efficient to simply buy newer, more powerful engines. By 1915 the new Mikado had proven to be a good candidate for this type of operation. The Mikado was the name for an engine with the 2-8-2 wheel arrangement. The first engines with this wheel arrangement were built by Baldwin Locomotive Works for a Japanese railroad company. The ALCO-Brooks model weighed 95 tons and was equipped with super heaters which made more efficient use of the steam it generated. The first three of these arrived in 1915 and 1916 just in time for an anticipated jump in copper production. In that year ore production took a leap from 81,104 tons requiring 90 trains of thirty cars each for the year to 177,916 tons of ore that would require 198 trains pulling the same load. The vastly increased mine output meant the train consists would now require thirty-five loaded flat cars instead of thirty, just to keep up with the demand. Two more of the Mikados were added in 1917. With the arrival of the Mikados, the CRNW Railway began running two distinct trains on the same track. The Mainline, or Cordova Local, ran from the Alaska Steamship wharf to Chitina. The Chitina Local was the temporary Bonanza branch line to Kennecott. The company built the mining branch line to less strict engineering standards than the mainline, using lighter rail and tighter curves with heavier grades, but overtime the distinction between the branch line and the mainline was lost. The use of the concurrent trains doubled the capacity of the line. The trains would meet in Chitina, switching name designations and continuing on down the line. The arrangement began in 1916 and continued for the remaining twenty-two years of railroad operation. It enabled daily service throughout the system as long as conditions permitted. In 1936 the boiler on no. 71 blew up while the engine was at the service bay in Chitina, killing the fireman and seriously burning the engineer. The engine was hauled back to Cordova and permanently sidelined there, leaving the other four to carry the load. The fifth Mikado was no longer essential due to the diminished requirements of mine production. As the four consolidations were no longer needed for mainline service, they were commonly to be found running the work trains, including the rotary snow plow consists. Since all the moguls were now used as switch engines and pushers stationed at Cordova, Chitina and Shushanna Junction, usually the CRNW used one of the consolidations for small passenger train consists.
The 20-series Rhode Islands were impressive engines with drive wheels that were fifty-six inches tall. The cab was high above the tracks, with a commanding view. Above the long boiler were two large sand domes as well as the huge steam dome. They were stately and majestic machines, indeed. Finally Johnny had the ride he had dreamed of since he was ten. he had the engineer’s view from the cab of one of the great Rhode Island engines. He assisted the fireman, but was more interested in just watching the a view he could only imagine until now, as the locomotive worked its way through the lower Chitina River valley. The mountains to the south and west, like much of the region were dramatic, the effect enhanced by the relative closeness. It was an experience beyond anything he could imagine. The effect of seeing all this mountain scenery from the control deck of the eighty-five ton engine rumbling with its obviously powerful pistons over the widely-spaced steel rails while the wind whipped by his face as the engine advanced rapidly down the gentle slope past Strelna Lake left Johnny beside himself with not a care in the world. Just behind in the caboose, Cap was sharing the cupola with Charles. Matt had prepared some of his famous coffee which both young men were sipping. “Your older brother’s having the time of his life up there, Charles. He’ll be up the clouds long after we arrive in Chitina.” “It’s what he’s always dreamed, Cap. He never could stop talking about the iron horse machines when he was a kid.” “He still hasn’t stopped. He says less, but never stops admiring them. They seem to take him out there somewhere no one can see.” Down below Kay-yew-nee was studying the conductor. The boys had left the dog behind at Chitina, but the Siberian mutt had worked his way up the tracks, finding Johnny and Cap two days later. He was not about to be left out. Cap was considering this problem of having the dog follow them all the way up the line to Kennecott, where he would no doubt be shot.
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07 February 2011
Chapter 34: "Strelna Work Crew Sets Up," Pt 3
"I know, climb the pole and splice in so you can have a connection." "You’ve got it, Cap. We’ll need every man we’ve got to pull that engine back into line. It went off right where we lost our first Pullman years ago. They made the curve too steep. This time the ground must have sunk just enough to let the leading wheels drop over the edge. We’re stuck good until we pull that thing back into place." "Can we get it back on track, Matt?" "I think so, but I’m sending for the engine at McCarthy and more crew men just in case. It can pick up the others at Strelna." "How long ?" "Oh, probably all day." Engine No. 102 pulled in with the regular McCarthy crew and the Strelna Native crew four hours later. It pulled a flat car with extra rails and a frog and switch, plus three box cars carrying most of the remaining railroad workforce on the line between Chitina and McCarthy. It took three more hours to pull engine no. 22 back into place. "Obviously, the rest of the line must be good, so we’ll follow No. 102 into Strelna. It can turn around at the gravel pit wye there and return home." "That’s good, Matt. So we’re finally on the way to Strelna?" "Just don’t forget that the next several weeks could be like this, Johnny. If the line keeps sinking, which it probably will, we may be facing even more derailments." "Great life, isn’t it," Charles responded. "How’s your head, kid?" "I’ll survive. We’re all hard-heads around here, anyway." Cap was among the first to spot the smoke somewhere in the distance. He watched for the flames through the trees. It was not long before the top of the raging fire could be seen. It was a large one. As the train hit the straight stretch that passed by Strelna , the form of Dwyer’s Inn came into view, heavily involved in flames. There was a small gathering of people trying to save the structure with a hose from the nearby water tower, but the effort was clearly futile. The crews from the three work trains jumped out to help, but there was little to be done. The large two-story log building would burn to the ground. A historic piece of old Alaska was going up in flames. "If we had only been here last night, maybe we could have saved it, Tanas." "Maybe Mr. Stevenson. Or maybe it was meant to happen this way. Once that train derailed, we took all the extra men up the line with us, including the ones they could have used to fight this fire. Now it’s too late." We’ve arrived just in time to witness the white man’s lodge disappear before us." "White man’s lodge, Cap?"
of the men whose money built your railroad and that mine, Mr. Stevenson. Now it’s going up in smoke. It will be only the first of many." Cap’s prediction froze the conductor in his steps.
As if to answer his thoughts, Cap continued. "You take our land and hunt it until nothing remains and then expect us to be grateful that you bring us white man food. You take our language and give us yours and tell us we must be like you, then you give us only work the white men won’t take and tell us we can’t go here and we can’t go there. You expect us to want to save places like this after all that disrespect?" He walked away from the conductor, joining the other Natives closer to the wall of fire. "It’s too hot to get anywhere near it, Cap. Look at the shape of the building dissolve before us." "This doesn’t look good for our fall guiding business, Cap. That rich-man’s place was where our sheep-hunting customers gathered." "Nicolai wouldn’t have minded, Sla’cheen. You know what he thought of those big game trophy hunters. Maybe this was Kay-yee-gay ‘s doing." "The spirit of Nicolai ? That wouldn’t surprise me, Cap. He resented anyone hunting our land except us. He always said they were rich, so they could bring in their own meat. Uncle Tanas stepped up behind them to add to the conversation. "I know you boys made money off of them. That was good. Billum would have done the same. But always remember that our great tyone hated trophy hunters. Many times he said that hunting for just the horns is what killed off our Indian brothers’ way of life. He feared the hunters almost as much as the railroad which brought them in." "But Uncle, you’ve worked for the railroad company for years. You’re a regular , just like Tom or Uncle Andrew. The railroad’s your life." "I know. I’m proud of my work, but it still bothers me sometimes. Yet even your own grandfather told us we can’t turn back." "He said that we must make the railroad our own, uncle. It’s the only way." "We have to stop talking and start fighting this losing battle. Let’s look like we mean to save what we all know is lost." "Okay, we can look like we want to save it, " replied Cap. Tanas tried to gather his scattered crew, most of whom stood by watching the blaze in complete fascination. They seemed to enjoy the spectacle. "Let’s grab a hose and help bring that fire down," Tanas yelled out. "In the end this could work out well for those of us who are still here, Cap. Maybe not us, but Uncle Eskilida’s people. They live right here. If enough white men leave, our people can come back and hunt as before." Cap grabbed Johnny’s shoulder and pointed upward. In the distance were the Saghani-Ggaay--four large black ravens circling high overhead. "They’re here. Why always four, Cap ?" "They appeared only after Nicolai’s curse. When the end comes, there will be a multitude of them. Until then, there will always be two pairs. It is the way of the Kay-yee-gay who resides with us in this valley."
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